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Systems of Government List 2023: Presidents, Monarchies & More

Last Updated: March 22, 2023 Leave a Comment

Systems of Government of Map

Map created by Wikimedia user Newfraferz87

The map above shows the systems of government used by each country around the world in 2023. These include the following:

  • Presidential republic: Head of state is a president that is the head of government and is independent of legislature
  • Semi-presidential republic: Head of state is a president that has some executive powers and is independent of legislature; remaining executive power is vested in ministry that is subject to parliamentary confidence
  • Republic with an executive presidency nominated by or elected by the legislature: President is both head of state and government; ministry, including the president, may or may not be subject to parliamentary confidence
  • Parliamentary republic: Head of state is a president that is mostly or entirely ceremonial; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  • Constitutional monarchy: Head of state is a monarch that is mostly or entirely ceremonial; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  • Semi-constitutional monarchy: Head of state is an executive monarch; monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  • Absolute monarchy: Head of state is executive; all authority vested in absolute monarch
  • One-party state: Head of state is executive or ceremonial; power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
  • Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have been suspended (e.g. military juntas)
  • No constitutionally defined basis to current regime (e.g. transitional governments)

In terms of numbers of the 195 UN member states they fall into the following categories:

  • Republics: 143 (44 Ceremonial and 99 Executive)
  • Constitutional monarchies: 38 (28 Ceremonial and 10 executive)
  • Absolute monarchies: 5
  • Provisional Governments: 9

For a full list see the following table:

NameConstitutional formHead of stateBasis of executive legitimacy
 AfghanistanProvisionaln/aNo constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
 AlbaniaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 AlgeriaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 AndorraConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 AngolaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Antigua and BarbudaConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 ArgentinaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 ArmeniaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 AustraliaConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 AustriaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 AzerbaijanRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Bahamas, TheConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 BahrainConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 BangladeshRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 BarbadosRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 BelarusRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 BelgiumConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 BelizeConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 BeninRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 BhutanConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 BoliviaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 BotswanaRepublicExecutivePresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
 BrazilRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 BruneiAbsolute monarchyExecutiveAll authority vested in absolute monarch
 BulgariaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Burkina FasoProvisionaln/aAll authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
 BurundiRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 CambodiaConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 CameroonRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 CanadaConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Cape VerdeRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Central African RepublicRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 ChadProvisionaln/aAll authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
 ChileRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 China, People's Republic ofRepublicCeremonialPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement
 ColombiaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 ComorosRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Congo, Democratic Republic of theRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Congo, Republic of theRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Costa RicaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Côte d'IvoireRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 CroatiaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 CubaRepublicExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single political movement
 CyprusRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Czech RepublicRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 DenmarkConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 DjiboutiRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 DominicaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Dominican RepublicRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 East TimorRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 EcuadorRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 EgyptRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 El SalvadorRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Equatorial GuineaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 EritreaRepublicExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single political movement
 EstoniaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 EswatiniAbsolute monarchyExecutiveAll authority vested in absolute monarch
 EthiopiaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 FijiRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 FinlandRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 FranceRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 GabonRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Gambia, TheRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 GeorgiaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 GermanyRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 GhanaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 GreeceRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 GrenadaConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 GuatemalaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 GuineaProvisionaln/aAll authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
 Guinea-BissauRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 GuyanaRepublicExecutivePresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
 HaitiRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 HondurasRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 HungaryRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 IcelandRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 IndiaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 IndonesiaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 IranRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 IraqRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 IrelandRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 IsraelRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 ItalyRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 JamaicaConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 JapanConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 JordanConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 KazakhstanRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 KenyaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 KiribatiRepublicExecutivePresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
 KuwaitConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 KyrgyzstanRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 LaosRepublicExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single political movement
 LatviaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 LebanonRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 LesothoConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 LiberiaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 LibyaProvisionaln/aNo constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
 LiechtensteinConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 LithuaniaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 LuxembourgConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 MadagascarRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 MalawiRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 MalaysiaConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 MaldivesRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 MaliProvisionaln/aAll authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
 MaltaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Marshall IslandsRepublicExecutivePresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
 MauritaniaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 MauritiusRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 MexicoRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 MicronesiaRepublicExecutivePresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
 MoldovaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 MonacoConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 MongoliaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 MontenegroRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 MoroccoConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 MozambiqueRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 MyanmarProvisionaln/aAll authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
 NamibiaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 NauruRepublicExecutivePresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
   NepalRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 NetherlandsConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 New ZealandConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 NicaraguaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 NigerRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 NigeriaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 North KoreaRepublicExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single political movement
 North MacedoniaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 NorwayConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 OmanAbsolute monarchyExecutiveAll authority vested in absolute monarch
 PakistanRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 PalauRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 PalestineRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 PanamaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Papua New GuineaConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 ParaguayRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 PeruRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 PhilippinesRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 PolandRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 PortugalRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 QatarConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 RomaniaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 RussiaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 RwandaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Saint Kitts and NevisConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Saint LuciaConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 SamoaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 San MarinoRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 São Tomé and PríncipeRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Saudi ArabiaAbsolute monarchyExecutiveAll authority vested in absolute monarch
 SenegalRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 SerbiaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 SeychellesRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Sierra LeoneRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 SingaporeRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 SlovakiaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 SloveniaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Solomon IslandsConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 SomaliaRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 South AfricaRepublicExecutivePresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
 South KoreaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 South SudanRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 SpainConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Sri LankaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 SudanProvisionaln/aAll authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
 SurinameRepublicExecutivePresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
 SwedenConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 SwitzerlandRepublicExecutivePresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
 SyriaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 TajikistanRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 TanzaniaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 ThailandConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 TogoRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 TongaConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 Trinidad and TobagoRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 TunisiaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 TurkeyRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 TurkmenistanRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 TuvaluConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 UgandaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 UkraineRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 United Arab EmiratesConstitutional monarchyExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 United KingdomConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 United StatesRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 UruguayRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 UzbekistanRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 VanuatuRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Vatican CityAbsolute monarchyExecutiveAll authority vested in absolute monarch
 VenezuelaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 VietnamRepublicExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single political movement
 YemenProvisionaln/aNo constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
 ZambiaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 ZimbabweRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature

And for other non-UN member states have a look at this table:

NameConstitutional formHead of stateBasis of executive legitimacy
 AbkhaziaRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 ArtsakhRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 Cook IslandsConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 KosovoRepublicCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 NiueConstitutional monarchyCeremonialMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Northern CyprusRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicRepublicExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single political movement
 SomalilandRepublicExecutivePresidency is independent of legislature
 South OssetiaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Taiwan (Republic of China)RepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 TransnistriaRepublicExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

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