The map above shows which countries have claimed to the the successor to the Roman Empire at some point in their history (so called Third Rome). Learn more about each below.
Context
By 285 AD the Roman Empire had grown so vast that it was no longer feasible to govern all the provinces from the central seat of Rome. The Emperor Diocletian divided the Empire into halves with the Eastern Empire governed out of Byzantium (later Constantinople) and the Western Empire governed from Rome.
The Western Part collapsed in 476 AD (the traditionally accepted date) and in 480 AD, with the death of the Western Emperor Julius Nepos, Eastern Emperor Zeno became sole Emperor of the Empire.
The Eastern Roman Empire (aka the Byzantine Empire) continued for another thousand years until Constantinople was captured by the Ottoman forces under Mehmed II in 1453.
Claims to be the successor of Rome have arisen from perceived connections to one or both of the Eastern and Western Empires. Religious traditions played an important part in establishing such connections, especially following the schism in 1054 between what are now the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
The Basis For The Claims
Turkey
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Mehmed II declared himself Kayser-i Rum, literally “Caesar of Rome”. Mehmed’s claim rested with the concept that after the fall of the Western Roman Empire Constantinople, which he now ruled, had become the seat of the Roman Empire.
Russia
Following the fall of Constantinople, Moscow became the main Orthodox Christian capital, giving rise to the concept of Moscow as the “Third Rome”. The basis for the claim was both theological (the unity of Eastern Orthodox Church) and political (the concept of the Moscow Prince as supreme sovereign and defender of Christian Orthodox nations).
The idea took off under Ivan III (Ivan the Great), Grand Prince of Moscow, who greatly expanded his territory and laid the foundations of the Russian state.
Ivan III also had some connection to the Byzantine throne since he had married Sophia Palaiologina, a niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor. His grandson, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), become the first Tsar of Russia (tsar, or czar, meaning caesar, is a term traditionally applied by Slavs to the Byzantine Emperors). His successors supported the idea that Moscow was the proper heir to Rome and Constantinople. The idea was finally abandoned during the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Bulgaria
The Bulgarian claim, which predated that of Russia, was based on the fact that Simeon 1 of Bulgaria was crowned Byzantine Tsar in 913 AD and was given the title “Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Romans”. However, this title was revoked by the succeeding Byzantine government although he did continue to receive some recognition as “Emperor of the Bulgarians”. In the 14th century, as the Byzantine Empire weakened, Tarnovo, the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, was claimed as the “Third Rome”, based on its preeminent cultural influence in Eastern Europe. However, by the end of the century the Bulgarian Empire had fallen to the Ottomans.
Serbia
In the 14th century, the Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan conquered a large part of southeast Europe, becoming one of the most powerful monarchs of the era. In 1345 he proclaimed himself “Emperor (Tsar) of the Serbs and Greeks” and was crowned as such at Skopje on Easter 1346 by the Patriarchs of Serbia and Bulgaria the Archbishop of Ohrid. His imperial title was recognized by Bulgaria and various other neighbours and trading partners.
The reference to the Greeks provided the link back to the Roman imperial tradition since the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire was largely Greek-speaking. However, his title was not recognised by the Byzantine Empire and Serbia was subsequently annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1459.
Greece
The claims of Greece as a successor to Rome were essentially aspirational and were embodied in what was termed the Megali Idea. Its aim was to revive the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire by establishing a Greek State that encompassed most of the former Byzantine lands with Constantinople as its capital.
The term was formulated in discussions leading to the 1844 constitution, but the concept went back much further in the Greek psyche. The Megali Idea dominated foreign relations and, to a significant extent, determined the domestic politics of the Greek state for much of its first century of independence. However, it was officially abandoned following the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923.
Germany
Up to this point all claims have been based on establishing succession to the Eastern Roman Empire. However, Germany’s case rests upon succession to the Western Roman Empire and its Roman Catholic Church, the only Roman institution that had survived the collapse of the Empire.
The key figure in this is Charlemagne, King of the Franks and the greatest of the Carolingian monarchs, who was granted the title of Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800. Charlemagne had united much of Central and Western Europe, giving rise to what would later become known as the Holy Roman Empire.
For some time, the title remained with Charlemagne’s Carolingian successors, but was later contested by Italy in a series of wars. The title was revived again in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor, fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the Empire for over eight centuries.
The Holy Roman Empire was never a single unified entity, comprising instead a large number of semi-autonomous territories. The office of Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally elected by the prince-electors, who were mostly German noblemen, although it was frequently controlled by dynasties, most notably the Habsburgs.
The Empire was dissolved on 6 August 1806, when the Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated following a military defeat by the French under Napoleon at Austerlitz. After 962 the German Confederation had been the largest territory in the Empire. Thus, when Germany was united in 1871, it claimed to be the “Third Rome” through the lineage of the Holy Roman Empire.
Austria
After the Holy Roman Empire was dismantled in 1806, the Austrian Empire claimed to be its heir and, hence, the successor to Rome. The basis of the claim was that Austria’s Habsburgs had continuously occupied the throne of the Holy Roman Empire from 1438 until their extinction in the male line in 1740.
France
When Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor of France, he also referred to his imperial crown as the “Crown of Charlemagne”. After this, Napoleon laid his own claim to having resurrected the Roman Empire, as he had united not only the regions of Charlemagne’s Empire, but also Italy and Spain, giving him control of almost all of the lands of the Western Roman Empire. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor in the presence of the Pope in Paris and adopted the Roman eagle as his standard.
France also had an earlier claim as successor of the Eastern Roman Empire in that Andreas Palaiologos, who was heir to the Byzantine Throne after Constantinople had fallen to the Ottomans, sold his rights to the Throne to several European monarchs, including Charles VIII of France.
For some time, successive Kings of France continued to lay claim to the Imperial title, but thereafter the claim fell into disuse and ended in 1566 with the reign of Charles IX.
Italy
Italy can lay claim to be Rome’s successor on the basis of geography since Rome is its capital. Moreover its land area also encloses the seat of the Roman Catholic Church. While this is now confined to the Vatican, the Pope ruled over the much more extensive Papal States from the 8th century until 1870.
Moreover, the Italian Renaissance from the 14th to 17th centuries transferred Roman culture to modern era Europe. During the Risorgimento (the movement to unite Italy, which ended in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1871) Giuseppe Mazzini, one of its leaders, promoted the notion of Italy as the “Third Rome”.
According to Mazzini “After the Rome of the emperors, after the Rome of the Popes, there will come the Rome of the people”. Others picked up on this idea, including Benito Mussolini who also used the term “Third Rome” to characterize Fascist Italy and dreamt of establishing an Italian (New Roman) Empire.
However, these dreams soon faded and finally ended in July 1943 when Mussolini was deposed.
Principal Reference
Third Rome: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Rome
Matt says
I have to give it to Russia.
Christos Nüssli says
Since modern countries boundaries are shown, this map is somehow anachronistic. East Prussia (nowadays in Russia) for instance, cannot be considered as having claimed to be a successor state of the Roman Empire. The reverse is true for Switzerland.
Bob Schaevitz says
Why do you show Crimea as part of Russia?
Brilliant Maps says
This was the choice of the map creator not us.
Krzysztof says
But you chose to accept it. I wouldn’t have bought that book of yours had I known your sliminess.
Seon says
Occupied territory. Crimea is not Russian
Odyss says
The United States and the Western alliance is the successor to Rome.The empire never fell. If you want to see what a Roamn province would look like if the empire survive into modernity, look at France.
James Ronan says
Deny all claims from pretenders. The last Emperor of the Romans was Constantine XI who died defending Constantinople in 1453. Interestingly, the Turks referred to their European territory as Rumelia (Land of the Romans) for decades. And, understand that the small Greek Orthodox community still in the city are referred to by the Turks as Rumel (Romans).
Roberto says
Yeah,they are all pretenders except Italians,who are the true descendants
Marco Hubrão says
Lol… Italians (like all Southern Europeans) are a mix of different ethnic groups… Spaniards, Portuguese, French, etc. have just as much ‘Roman Blood’.
Also, Italy was inhabited by many different groups, not just the Romans (Etruscans in Tuscany, Greeks in Sicily, Moors colonized for a bit, etc.) so this idea that ‘Italians are the true descendants’ is hilarious.
Glenn Abbott says
Italy was the nation of Rome you had to be Italian to have Roman citizenship all other places in the Empire were provinces. Italy is the beginning of modern day nationalism and Italy is the nation of Rome. It always was
Tony parrello says
What do you think the Romans were? homogeneous ? Romans were a mixture of some of the very groups that you mentioned (Etruscans, Greeks, sabines, etc)Thus the Italians ARE the closest to the true descendants. After the fall of Rome in the West, the barbarians did NOT kill ALL the Romans. To think so is not true and asinine. And the Italians of today (sepecially in the central and north) are descended from these people. Consult a professor of anthropology. s/he will tell you.
Glenn Abbott says
Everywhere was like that Italy was the Nation of Rome
Giulietta Dei Montefeltro says
It’s useless… the Roman Empire is dead, the only descendants of the Romans (who were italics) are those who have the same genetics… the Roman cluster from the ancient patricians graves is R1b U 152, the largest cluster of modern italians… the rest is only copy.
Russia is Russia… they can claim an influence, but they are genetically russians, and their Empire is maybe better than the empire of my Roman ancestors……so, Ave Russia, Hail to Russia, but leave aside Rome… we are dead, and we won’t come again.
Donna Giulia Di Montefeltro.
A hoi4 player says
Excuse me we all know that Finand is the true successor of Rome
Монгол Улсад 100 гаруй цагаар ажилладаг says
Came here to say that. Rome => Byzantium => Russian Empire => Last surviving piece of the Russian Empire to not become part of the USSR, Finland.
Roberto says
AHAHAHAH the Huns barbarians? Finnish and Hungarians are Huns descendants
Ercan says
Turks conquered the capital of surviving Rome. So, technically they are legal successors.
Antonius says
They are just invaders
Ercan says
Invaders? Invade for six centuries?
Roberto says
Yes,invanders
Roberto says
Yes,invaders
Antonius says
Turkey? Otoman turkey had destroyed Rome
George says
Tje map is wrong: you have Crimea in color of Russia – but annexion of Crimea is not recognized from any country in the world (except Russia itself) and it should be in the color of Ukraine.
Krzysztof says
You are being not only offensive but also hopelessly ignorant. And trying to play the old “the Ukraine” phrase, disgusting…
Efe says
Im talking about east of ROME,some things that attract attention;
Greece- with culture,Russia – with religion,Turkey-with genetically,same.
Well ,it seems like… al of us have a same ancestor.
stefan musat says
What do you say about SAINT STEPHEN THE GREAT ? From 1457 until 1561 the title of EMPEROR (TZAR) is used by Moldavians voievods. The turks recognised title of TEKFUR , for STEPHAN THE GREAT.
Ali says
First Roman Empire was Paganist.
Second Roman Empire was Christian.
Last and Third Roman Empire was Muslim. Rome’ s successor is Republic of TURKEY.
bruh says
NO IT’S THE OSTROGOTHS GUYS MAKE ROME PAGAN AGAIN (jokes aside imagine thinking the turks have any claims to rome or any “third rome” nations )
Roberto says
Italy is. We have the some of their behaviours,their right,their culture…all others are pretetenders at best
Ma Ke says
BS. You are descendants of barbaric Germanic kingdoms. Russia still bears the imperial insignia – the double-headed eagle – as well as the bloodline claim via Sophia Palaiologina.
Christopher Wiggins says
Only two Romes. Rome and Nova Roma (Constantinople). People that deny the east of their heritage
Need to pick up a history book. The “Byzantines” lived and died by their heritage untill 1453 when the last Constantine told stories of Hannibal to his troops and people. People who say “just Italy” seem ignorant as hell to me and always have to jump through whoops that make no sense to deny the East of it proper heritage. However the rest, including the H.R.e are pretenders. I’m willing to give Chalamange a pass for being a badass though.
passerBy says
Turks claim to be Rome successors for invading Byzantine Empire are as true as I am fish because I ate fish.
About Bulgaria, idk if in the past Bulgarians claimed to be Rome successors, but modern Bulgarian history have no such claims.
bruh says
>comparing it’s claims to it’s modern history
we get it you never heard of the balkans outside byzantium or the ottomans
KC says
The United States. Let me preface by saying, I’m speaking in terms of the Western half of the Roman Empire. Still though, I do think that the U.S would be a compelling case for the entire empire as a whole. Given that this lineage is technically borne out of the Eastern Roman Empire, legally speaking. I would like for any of you reading this to watch this video beforehand, for context:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhu66Q8rfhI
*spoiler*, the narrator concludes that it would be Spain’s King Felipe VI as the rightful successor to the title of ‘Roman Emperor’. If we accept this narrator’s argument that the Spanish Empire under the rule of Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile would be the successors of the Roman emperor due to them being listed in the will of the last Roman emperor by bloodline (right around of the Ottoman conquest of Byzantium), then it is rather peculiar to also note that under the rulership of Ferdinand and Isabella there was something rather transformative that they had authorized. An Earth shattering moment not only for Spain but for the entire history of the human species. The inaugurating of the first European voyages to the “new world” and the 10,000 year reconciliation of the human species.
Most notable of travelers being Christopher Columbus, whom sailed on numerous voyages to the Caribbean, South and Central America in the 1490s. Of those important places he ‘discovered’ was Puerto Rico, what would become a United States territory. Several years later, Columbus’ “gentlemen volunteer” and later accomplished military official Juan Ponce de León became the first governor of Puerto Rico. After fierce internal politics between Juan and Christopher Columbus’ late son Diego, Juan with the full backing and support of Ferdinand (the successor to the Roman emperor remember) discovered various other important landmasses in the Caribbean, most notably being Florida, what would become a state within the contiguous United States. He returned home to Spain and was knighted by Ferdinand (once again, a claimed Roman emperor), whom ordained Juan into becoming governor of Puerto Rico again and ordered him to begin settlements onto Florida, what would become the United States, the oldest settlements in said future country. Those settlements would eventually become part of the Anglo-Saxon culture of the British colonies after the Seven Years War in the 1700s in which Britain received control of Florida.
The rest of this story is known history. The United States is established by the Founding Fathers, in large part influenced by the ancient government of the Republic of Rome. The story of Christopher Columbus becomes famous in the Americas with publications as early as the early 1700s referencing the name “Columbia” in debates in the British Parliament (The Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 8, June 1738, p. 285.). After the American Revolution, the mythicism of Columbus spreads far and wide on the continent. Influences of Greo-Roman culture still permeate today (Republican forms of government, the National seal/crest, money, architecture, philosophy, laws written in the Latin language, the prevalence of Christianity). Not to mention the United States becoming a global hegemonic power. Not an empire in the traditional sense of the word, but certainly a great power that would bring legitimacy to the claim of it being a rightful successor to the Roman Empire.
KC says
The United States. The oldest settlement in the United States is found in Florida, discovered by Spanish explorer and pupil of Christopher Columbus, Juan Ponce de León. Both were chartered by King Ferdinand of Spain and Queen Isabella of Castile, whom were legally successors of the Roman emperor (referring to this video here; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhu66Q8rfhI&t=23s, in short, the last of Roman emperor bloodline Andreas Palaiologos granted his title to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in his will). Juan was knighted by Ferdinand and was the first governor of Puerto Rico and established settlements in Florida.
Getting the blessing of a supposed ‘Roman emperor’ and discovering a continent that would develop into one of the most important hegemonic powers in human history, one that would emulate various positive aspects of the ancient Roman Republic/Empire (Republican government, greco-roman architecture, laws written in Latin, a heavily Christian society, etc.). This is probably a pretty controversial opinion to take on this topic.
Krzysztof says
Fix Crimea, please. Unless you think we should still use military agression as a way of doing politics on this continent.
Krzysztof says
My comment about Crimea was censored out… How lovely.